![]() The latter hypothesis is based on a small number of animal and human studies that have identified mechanisms that could explain how sleep loss may increase the risk of AD. However, the association may also be causal, wherein sleep loss contributes to the development of the disease. The association between sleep loss and AD could be explained by reverse causality, wherein sleep loss is an early, preclinical manifestation of Alzheimer’s pathology. This finding is relevant, because the etiology of late-onset AD remains unknown and therapeutic options are limited, making sleep a potential target for prevention or treatment of AD. In a meta-analysis of 27 studies with nearly 70.000 participants, sleep loss-mostly defined as self-reported sleep of < 6 h per night-carried an average relative risk of 1.68 (95% CI 1.45 to 1.86) of developing dementia caused by AD. ![]() Sleep loss has been associated with increased risk of dementia in later life, specifically dementia caused by Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
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